ObjectiveTo study the correlation between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) via detecting the distribution frequencies of mtDNA haplogroups (mtDNA haplotype A, B, C, D, F, G and M) in normal population and LSCC patients.Methods80 LSCC patients were enrolled in the study group and 74 healthy adults were selected as normal control (NC). DNA was extracted from whole blood of both groups, and the mtDNA haplotypes and their subhaplotypes were demarcated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene sequencing. Their distribution frequencies in both groups were detected. The frequency differences between the two groups were analyzed by using SPSS software version 20.0.ResultsThe frequencies of mtDNA haplotype B and D4 in LSCC group were higher than those in the NC group (both P<0.05), which was not related to clinical stage of tumor (P>0.05). ConclusionThe haplogroup B and D4 might be risk factors of LSCC , and therefore may be taken as reference marks for genetic screening of this tumor.