With the development of high-throughput sequencing and proteomics technology, people have made more and more researches on the correlation between human microorganisms and diseases. Many diseases have a great relationship with the imbalance of human microorganisms, and can even be used as a tool for early diagnosis. However, the imbalance between head and neck malignant tumors and microorganisms needs a lot of experiments to prove. This review discusses and summarizes the research progress of imbalance between head and neck malignant tumor and human microorganism. Future research will continue to explore the relationship between human microbiome and head and neck malignant tumor, and try to find early diagnosis methods for head and neck malignant tumor so as to achieve timely prevention, early diagnosis and early treatment.