Objective: To investigate the expression of circular RNA ATP-binding cassette B subfamily member 10 (circRNA ABCB10) and microRNA-588 (miR-588) in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) tissues and their correlation with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients. Methods: Clinical data of 83 patients with LSCC admitted to our hospital from June 2018 to March 2019 were collected, and intraoperative LSCC tissue specimens and paracancer tissue specimens were retained.The expression levels of circRNA ABCB10 and miR-588 in the samples were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) , and the correlation between circRNA ABCB10 and miR-588 was analyzed by Pearson method. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to analyze the prognosis and survival curves of LSCC patients was analyzee by Kaplan-Meier analysis, and was used to analyze the influencing factors of prognosis of LSCC patients was analyzed by Cox regression model.. Results: The expression level of circRNA ABCB10 in LSCC tissue was greatly higher than that in paracancerous tissue , and the expression level of miR-588 was greatly lower than that in paracancerous tissue (P<0.05); the expression of circRNA ABCB10 and miR-588 in LSCC tissues were negatively correlated (r=-0.522, P<0.05); circRNA ABCB10 and miR-588 expression were correlated with tumor differentiation, TNM stage and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05); the 3-year cumulative survival rate of patients with high expression of circRNA ABCB10 was greatly lower than that of patients with low expression of circRNA ABCB10 (P<0.05), and the 3-year cumulative survival rate of patients with high miR-588 expression was greatly higher than that of patients with low miR-588 expression (P<0.05); High expression of circRNA ABCB10 and low expression of miR-588 were risk factors for death in LSCC patients (P < 0.05). (P<0.05). Conclusion: CircRNA ABCB10 is highly expressed and miR-588 is low expressed in LSCC tissues. They are related to the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of LSCC patients, and may become target markers for LSCC treatment.