The parathyroid glands are crucial for regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism in human body, however, it is extremely difficult to locate and identify the parathyroid glands and protect its function in thyroid surgery due to its small size,secretive location and variation, which can easily cause damage to the parathyroid glands and then cause its dysfunction, resulting in the symptoms such as decreased blood calcium concentration, hand-foot convulsions, and in severe cases, death.In recent years, researchers have found that intraoperative application of fluorescence imaging technology can image the parathyroid glands and its blood supply, which leads to its application in the field of parathyroid gland identification and protection has attracted more and more researchers" attention and become a research hotspot. Since this technique is still in its early stage of research both domestically and internationally, its clinical application methods and effectiveness are still controversial. In this article, we review the relevant domestic and international literature on the application of fluorescence imaging technology in parathyroid protection.